The thyroid is a gland located in the anterior part of the neck that is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, responsible for the regulation of multiple metabolic processes. The most common thyroid diseases are:
- Goiter
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypothyroidism
- Thyroid carcinoma
Goiter
Goiter is a condition of the gland that is defined as an enlarged thyroid. Although there are several types of goiter, the one that raises the most queries is the so-called multinodular goiter, caused by a combination of environmental factors (such as iodine deficiency) and genetic factors.
It is characterized by a remarkable structural heterogeneity of the thyroid gland with the presence of multiple nodular lesions. In addition, in many cases, it presents cystic degeneration and calcifications.
In some cases, multinodular goiter may present with hyperthyroidism due to the existence of one or more nodules with autonomous function. When this occurs, the patient should avoid the consumption of iodized salt and other iodized compounds, unless specifically indicated.
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
As far as dysfunctional thyroid disorders are concerned, the most frequent is hypothyroidism of autoimmune cause. In contrast, autoimmune hyperthyroidism, also known as Graves-Basedow disease, is less common.
Treatment of the former does not usually pose difficulties once the Levothyroxine replacement dose has stabilized. However, treatment of the latter involves some complexity in some patients.
Thyroid carcinoma
Although thyroid carcinoma is a rare pathology, all patients presenting with initially suspicious nodular lesions should undergo cytologic screening by fine needle aspiration, usually ultrasound-guided.
What are the treatments for thyroid disorders?
Depending on each particular case, the approach may be surgical, pharmacological or metabolic radiotherapy, or a combination of these. In any case, the most appropriate treatment is always indicated taking into account the evolutionary stage and the clinical circumstances.