What is tension headache?
Tension headache is a type of headache that usually radiates from the nape of the neck area and is characterized by persistent but non-pulsating pain. The duration and frequency of episodes of tension headache varies from patient to patient: in episodic forms the attacks usually last from 30 minutes to seven days, while in chronic forms the pain may last for weeks, months or even years. It is classified according to the frequency of episodes:
- Infrequent, or occasional forms of tension headache occurring only once a month.
- Frequent, from 1 to 15 attacks per month.
- Chronic: attacks for more than 15 days per month.
Tension headache attacks may last from 30 minutes to 7 days, and may even become chronic.
Symptoms of tension headaches
The symptoms of tension headache are a persistent, non-pulsating, bilateral, mild to medium intensity headache, usually localized in the occipital region. In addition, phonophotophobia may develop and patients describe the pain as a tightening circle in the head.
Diagnosis of tension headache
The diagnosis for tension headache is made by a clinical examination in which the patient’s symptoms are evaluated. Routine tests such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and lumbar puncture may then be performed.
What are the causes of tension headache?
The causes of tension headache are not yet fully understood, but it has been hypothesized that it is likely to be due to the continuous contraction of the muscles of the back of the neck, forehead, temples, neck and shoulders. Tension headache can also be triggered by stressful events, anxiety or depression: for this reason it can be considered a psychosomatic disorder. In addition, other causes of tension headache can be problems with the jaw joint, hormonal imbalances, incorrect posture and drug abuse.
Treatments for tension headache
Chronic tension headache is usually refractory to any therapy, whereas in the case of frequent and infrequent headaches, it can be treated with biofeedback therapies and massage therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapies and stress management techniques may be helpful for some patients.
Which specialist should be consulted?
In the case of tension headache, it is necessary to consult a specialist in Neurology, Psychology and even Dentistry, due to possible problems of the temporomandibular joint.