What is colposcopy?
Colposcopy is a procedure to examine the cervix (neck of the uterus) using a device called a colposcope, which illuminates and magnifies the area.
Why is colposcopy performed?
Colposcopy is most commonly performed after a cervical smear that has shown some presence of abnormal cells. A cervical smear is a routine procedure offered to women between the ages of 25 and 65, during which a sample of cells is taken from the cervix and subsequently examined in order to detect any changes in the cervix and whether abnormal cells are present.
Colposcopy may also be performed if cytology results are consistently inadequate, or for other reasons, such as bleeding between periods (intermenstrual), bleeding experienced after intercourse, or an abnormal or unusual appearance of the cervix.
Colposcopy is the test the gynecologist will resort to when cytology is inconclusive.
What do abnormal results mean?
If performed to detect abnormal cells, they are generally considered precancerous, which means that if left untreated, they could become cancerous in the future. However, if abnormal cells are found at this early stage, the chances of developing cancer are very small. The cells can develop, usually over several years, allowing them to be treated quickly and easily. It is important for women to know that there is no need to worry, since in 90% of cases, the precancerous condition is eliminated.
What does colposcopy consist of?
The procedure is actually similar to the smear test, but is more time-consuming, as colposcopy looks for any abnormalities by applying various solutions to the cervix. Colposcopies can also be used to examine the vagina and vulva.
A colposcopist inserts a speculum into the vagina, which dilates the vagina and allows examination of both the vagina and cervix.
Usually, when colposcopy is performed because of abnormal smear results, the colposcopist will apply a small amount of acetic acid (vinegar) to the cervix with cotton. This solution allows the specialist to see more clearly any changes in the epithelium (the skin covering the cervix).
Occasionally, the colposcopist may take a biopsy, which is a small sample of tissue, from the cervix (usually the size of a grape seed). When the biopsy is taken, it may cause a small amount of bleeding, but this can be controlled by applying silver nitrate to the affected area. Once the bleeding has stopped, the test is finished. The biopsy is then sent for examination and analysis by the pathologist.
How do you feel during the exam?
Both the application of vinegar and the application of the silver nitrate solution may cause stinging and some discomfort. However, the procedure only takes about 15 minutes, so it is not long.
How to prepare for colposcopy?
- Avoid sexual intercourse the day before the colposcopy.
- Do not put anything in your vagina (e.g., tampons or medications) in the 24 hours before the test.
- Schedule the test for when your period is not due.
- Some women prefer to wear a panty as they may experience slight bleeding or discharge after colposcopy.
- Contact the clinic if you are pregnant. Colposcopy is safe during pregnancy, but it is important to note that biopsy and treatment is usually delayed until after you have given birth.